Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Organizational Behavior, Mintzbergs Managers - 3841 Words

Introduction The theory our group will be discussing and explaining in depth is the leadership styles of top management using Mintzberg’s managerial roles. Mintzerg named ten different roles, all separated into three categories. The first category is interpersonal. This includes figurehead, leader, and liason. The second category is informational which includes monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson. The last category is decisional which includes entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. These roles are all used in the leadership styles of top management and we will find throughout research which roles are most frequently used and which seem to be the most effective. We have selected five companies in†¦show more content†¦The spokesperson role takes information from inside the organization and relates it to the public. Good disseminators and spokespersons need to have good communication skills in order to interact with company heads as well as the public. A successful spokesperson needs to be able to speak during conferences with confidence and also be able to maintain a consistent relationship with the media. If a manager is both a spokesperson and disseminator, they are excellent in communicating both inside and outside of the company. The decisional category includes four roles: entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. The entrepreneur role is one in which managers take initiative and seek out opportunities that will both benefit the organization as well as create innovation. These managers work on major projects and are proactive in accomplishing goals as well as bettering the organization. The disturbance handler role refers to managers who are responsible in taking action when problems or disturbances occur. Every organization faces conflict, most of which are sudden and unexpected. The disturbance handler steps in to handle this conflict and attempts to resolve and correct the problem so that the organization can continue successfully. Organizations Identification/ Introduction and Descriptions Disney The Disney Company was founded by its namesake Walt Disney on October 16, 1923. In 1923, WaltShow MoreRelatedDifferent Types of Organizational Structure1406 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve that not all organizations are alike. Henry Mintzberg explains five distinct organizational structures one should consider when determining coordination of an organization; simple structure, machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisionalized form, and adhocracy. (Mintzberg, 1981) pg. 103. Simple structure as Mintzberg points out is, â€Å"not much more than one large unit consisting of one or a few top managers.† (Mintzberg, 1981) pg. 105. Machine bureaucracy is, â€Å"the offspringRead MoreDifferent Theories Of Management, By Henri Fayol And Henry Mintzberg1121 Words   |  5 Pagestheories of Management, include Henri Fayol and Henry Mintzberg. This section of this paper provides an overview of functions, roles and skills required of a manager. What is Management? Management can define as the process of reaching organisational goals by working with and through people and other organisational resources. (Management Innovation, 2008). According the Fayol theory, there are five primary roles of a manager. The five roles of a manager put forward by Henri Fayol may not fully expressRead MoreComparison of Management View Points by Henri Fayol vs. Henry Mintzberg 888 Words   |  4 PagesLike the two sides of a penny, Henri Fayol vs. Henry Mintzberg (Anon., 2010) Henri Fayol and Henry Mintzberg both have their own views on management. Of which, each man came up with their own management frameworks. This essay will take a closer look and compare the different management frameworks developed by Fayol and Mintzberg. A mining engineer and director in France, Henri Fayol, the vital early contributor to classical school of management theory believes that basic management and skills canRead MoreStrategic Management Position For Hilton Resorts892 Words   |  4 Pagesstrategic plan for the organization. In a management position for Hilton Resorts, this is especially important for employees to understand the aims and objectives set and the steps they will take to achieve them. As a company our first efforts for organizational improvement efforts as described by Wells (1998) are: †¢ Creating a vision of the organization’s future †¢ Developing a set of guiding principles (behavioral norms necessary to achieve that vision) †¢ Clarifying the mission, or core purpose, ofRead MoreCritiquethe Manager’s Job: Folklore and Fact1532 Words   |  7 Pages | | |1:00Pm | Individual Critique The Manager’s Job: Folklore and Fact By Henery Mintzberg Summary †¢ Does anyone can fully expound what is manager’s job? The purpose of the article is to explore this question based on our bias and the essence of the managerial work. From a academic viewpoint, management can be divided into four elementsRead MoreMintzberg; S Decisional Roles1625 Words   |  7 PagesTo inaugurate this essay, a simple introduction of the manager interviewed and her company will be given. Ms YKL who accepted the interview works in Company BSB. Company BSB operates in the private and service sector with the size of 20-99 people. It provides digital marketing services. Ms YKL holds a position as a senior manager for Publishers amp; Partners, it is a term used in the Digital Marketing industry. Publishers amp; Partners team also means product team and this team will negotiate andRead MoreCritiquethe Managers Job: Folklore and Fact1547 Words   |  7 Pages| | 1:00Pm | Individual Critique The Manager’s Job: Folklore and Fact By Henery Mintzberg Summary †¢ Does anyone can fully expound what is manager’s job? The purpose of the article is to explore this question based on our bias and the essence of the managerial work. From a academic viewpoint, management can be divided into fourRead MoreManagement1653 Words   |  7 Pagesmore important in modern market. The key to survival and building of future dominance is getting much more information than competitors. Managers from its literal meaning are the persons who manage others. Therefore, organizations need good managers to help them coordinate team work and solve problems effectively and efficiently. According to Mintzberg(1973), managers have three roles which are informational roles, interpersonal roles and decisional roles. This essay focuses on Mintzberg’s informationalRead MoreMintzberg’s Theories On Organizational Configuration2139 Words   |  9 PagesTheories On Organizational Configuration According to Mintzberg, every organized human activity – from the making of pottery to the placing of a man on the moon – gives rise to two fundamental and opposing requirements: the division of labour into various tasks to be performed and the coordination of those tasks to accomplish the activity. Structure is simply the way in which an organization divides labor into distinct tasks and achieves coordination of these tasks. According to Henry Mintzberg, organizationsRead MorePower And Politics Organization Theory974 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough family and schools. Ordinary people such as scholars hesitate to talk about power. It is often equated with force brutality, unethical behavior, manipulation, connivance, and subjugation. Power and Politics organization theory was derived from the â€Å"modern† structural organization in the 1970’s to its present today. In the â€Å"modern† structural, organizational economics, and systems/environment theories of organization, organizations are assumed to be rational institutions with its primary purpose

Monday, December 23, 2019

Statement Of Purpose - 775 Words

I am writing this letter to apply for a position as Lecturer of Mechanical Engineering Science at the University of Surrey. My educational background in Mechanical Aerospace Engineering and comprehensive research experience in Biomedical Engineering inspired me to apply for this position. I consider that my excellence in teaching and research fulfil the requirements of this post. I was awarded my PhD in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering by the State University of New York at Buffalo, USA. My thesis was entitled â€Å"Computational Modelling of Neurovascular Hemodynamics and Endovascular Stents to Treat Intracranial Aneurysms†. Looking for a new challenge after the doctorate degree, I moved to Europe and participated multiple†¦show more content†¦Research Interests My research in Biomedical Engineering to date has focused on the medical image based Bio-Fluid Dynamics and medical device modelling. This includes Neurovascular Haemodynamics, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Dynamics and Respiratory Aerodynamics studies. Clinical diagnosis support system I am particularly interested in using computational models to improve the diagnostic assessment of disease progression and to support the clinical decision making. For an instance, medical imaging is recognised as an important tool to estimate the flow properties in the fight against circulatory system diseases. However, rapidly changing flow properties in the medical images could be overlooked, even by highly experienced clinicians. Computational modelling and machine learning algorithm as a part of implanted software in the medical imaging devices can help to reveal those flow characteristics and provide relevant information to the clinicians. Endovascular device/drug delivery system modelling My research interests also lie in medical device modelling. Endovascular therapy is known as a minimally invasive therapeutic option to recover the original flow circulations in diseased arteries. Computational modelling techniques can accurately assess the effect of endovascular intervention devices. I have modelled neurovascular stents and coils to treat intracranial aneurysms to demonstrated theirShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose1126 Words   |  5 PagesStatement of Purpose Many professors, department websites, applications, and current graduate students will tell you that the statement of purpose is the most important part of the application. While the statement of purpose is the best way for the admissions committee to gauge your writing skills, it is quite different from the college admissions essay, or the law school personal statement. Admissions committees will not be looking for the most well-written essay with the catchiest introductionRead MoreThe Field Of Journalism And Education1320 Words   |  6 Pagesare minimal. The differences are noted in The School of Journalism and Media Studies, PAO Program Admissions section. The differences include: SDSU requires applicants to submit statement regarding what the individual’s research interest and goals are, and that applicants must also include a general statement of purpose, which details why the applicant wishes to attend the graduate program at SDSU (Weiss). An additional difference is t hat SDSU requires a minimal score of a 150 on the Graduate RecordRead MoreThe Core Elements Of My Research Topic, African American Males On Higher Education1436 Words   |  6 Pagesmy first memo, I focused on the core elements of my research topic, African-American males in higher education. Since our last meeting, I have taken time to reflect on your suggestions, and think about how to revamp my research questions and purpose statement. Most important, I have taken time to do self-reflection. Self-Reflection ï » ¿In a somewhat different approach to my first memo, I started this memo with my reflective thoughts. I took this approach because it lends to the process of discoveryRead MoreStatement of Purpose1069 Words   |  5 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE â€Å"A dream acted upon by confidence becomes an ambition and that when followed with determination defines the purpose of existence in its entirety† It is with a sincere sense of gratitude towards the opportunity given to me, I pen down this statement. Education not only expands the horizons of one s knowledge but also simultaneously implants an insatiable desire to acquire more and more knowledge. Knowledge is that which can enhance the strength of mind and therebyRead MoreStatement of Purpose996 Words   |  4 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE The unprecedented explosion of corporations and financial services industry has brought about immense opportunities to utilize newer principles, methodologies, tools and practices in the field of finance. It is this challenging field in which I would like to gain expertise. ACADEMIC BACKGROUND Since school days, I have always been regarded as an academically brilliant, having been awarded scholar badge and merit certificate throughout my school and university education.Read MoreStatement of Purpose804 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of purpose â€Å"Everything comes to us that belongs to us if we create the capacity to receive it.† Rabindranath Tagore. I’ve always believed that the answer to my destiny lies in creating the results that I desire. Success is never an accident, but is always by design. I believe perseverance, drive, passion and strength of character create the right formula for success. I schooled at one of Asia’s premier institutes, Mayo College Girls School. I was thrilled to discover myself here –Read MoreStatement of Purpose962 Words   |  4 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE FOR MS APPLIED STATISTICS. Right from childhood, I was fond of mathematics and how it had the ability to convey a lot of information with so little illustrations. This, together with my consistent good performance in mathematics throughout high school, was responsible for the nurturing of a special interest in it. This childhood zeal in the subject gradually crystallized into a more mature form as I stepped into higher studies. The most significant influence on myRead MoreStatement of Purpose1694 Words   |  7 PagesStatement of Purpose Name : Sphoorti Sangamesh Biradar Program Applied : Masters (MS) Major : Sports Management About me: I am very thankful for providing me this opportunity and it is with sincere sense of gratification that I pen down my brief statement of purpose before you. I am Sphoorti Sangamesh Biradar, 21 years old. I am studying B. Computer Science engineering final year in the reputed university Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) at college Sir.M.Visvesvaraya InstituteRead MoreStatement of Purpose588 Words   |  3 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE NAME : jinson.j.erinjeri Applying for M.S. IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Firstly I would like to introduce myself as an undergraduate student of the bachelor of engineering program From the M.S.Ramaiah institute of technology, one of the most prestigious institutions of the Bangalore U university . I have completed my course of engineering in the field of Industrial Engineering’, which was for a period of four years. I graduated in the first class with distinctionRead MoreSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE1611 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿STATEMENT OF PURPOSE â€Å"Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is the premise of progress, in every society, in every family.† As I move towards a point where my undergraduate programme is about to end, and I sit down to define the course of my career, I felt a strong desire to pursue a career that combined IT with management skills. I believe MBA is a platform to cultivate diverse managerial skill sets, generate ideas with structured thoughts and capability of assuming higher

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci Free Essays

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci [pic] Who (is he): He was an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. He was born on April 15, 1452(1452-04-15) as the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, at Vinci in the region of Florence. He died on May 2, 1519 at an age of 67. We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci or any similar topic only for you Order Now What (are his contributions): He conceptualised a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, the double hull and outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics. His journals include a vast number of inventions, both practical and impractical. They include musical instruments, hydraulic pumps, reversible crank mechanisms, finned mortar shells, and a steam cannon. When (his professional life begin ): 1476 Why (did Leonardo start doing all this things): Helen Gardner says â€Å"The scope and depth of his interests were without precedent†¦ His mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote†. Leonardo was the archetype of the renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention. Basically, he just did all this because of his curiousity. Where (was his starting point): In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to one of the most successful artists of his day, Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio. Verrocchio’s workshop was at the centre of the intellectual currents of Florence, assuring the young Leonardo of an education in the humanities. Consequences (of his existence): Liana Bortolon, writing in 1967, said: â€Å"Because of the multiplicity of interests that spurred him to pursue every field of knowledge  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Leonardo can be considered, quite rightly, to have been the universal genius par excellence, and with all the disquieting overtones inherent in that term. Man is as uncomfortable today, faced with a genius, as he was in the 16th century. Five centuries have passed, yet we still view Leonardo with awe. How to cite Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci, Papers Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci Free Essays Leonardo was a man of many different talents; among those talents were polymath, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, inventor, engineer, writer, geologist, anatomist, cartographer, anatomist, and botanist. Leonardo was primarily known for his painting (Mona Lisa, the last supper, Vitamins Man), and his fascinating inventions (Helicopter, tank, flying Machine, Viola Organists) which I will be talking about in depth in my research paper. First study science, and then follow with practice based on science†¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci or any similar topic only for you Order Now . The painter who draws by practice and judgment of the eye without the use of reason is like the mirror the reproduces within itself all the objects which are set opposite to it without knowledge of the same†¦. The youth ought first to learn perspective, then the proportions of everything, then he should learn from the hand off good master. Leonardo Dad Vinci The Renaissance marked the transition point from the middle ages to the modern world. Young Leonardo Did Seer Piper Dad Vince received his education of Painter, sculptor, and engineering in Florence in the early sass. In a time when coming with a new approach toward science was considered a direct insult or challenge to the church, Leonardo managed to project his new finding of science, Mathematics formulas, and logical reasoning without creating a new reform of cultural beliefs. Among his reaction we can find what is considered to be an early predecessor of today’s helicopter. Between 1480 and 1493 Leonardo Dad Vinci designed what is known today as the â€Å"Aerial Screw’ or also known as the â€Å"Helical Air Screw’. Leonardo Helical Air Screw measure approximately fifteen feet across and the material used to build it were reed, linen, and wire. The main power proportion came from four men that were standing in the middle of the craft rotating different pedals in order to rotate the screw like shaft (See figure L-1). Leonardo was a very methodical reader and writer. He often read books that interest him with pen on hand. He was so critical of himself that he used to describe his though in writing, and draw them most of the time in order to retrace his thinking. In the old time it was common for inventors to read others innovators ideas in order to create new ones or reproduce the same invention with improvements. One of those creations was the Leonardo â€Å"Assault Vehicle†. After researching Roberto Evaluator’s â€Å"De re military’, Leonardo Dad Vinci went ahead and created the Assault Vehicle with a technology that was unheard of at the time. Due to the lack of funds and the war at the Apennines Peninsula Leonardo had o restrain his master creation to Just a blueprint. The Assault Vehicle had an upside- down cone shape with four wheels at the bottom, and a crankshaft for propulsion. Been that Leonardo was so critical of his own invention, he decided to make improvement to his own invention at a later time. One of those improvements was the vehicle self-propulsion. Leonardo achieved this improvement by creating a spring-power system (As the Motor), and an innovated differential transmission system. (L-2 Picture of Assault Vehicle) Another area in which Leonardo Dad Vinci broke new ground was painting. But to his misfortune in life by 1514 most of his paintings were not completed due to lack of commissions and Italian’s wars. One of those paintings happened to be the â€Å"Mona Lisa† or â€Å"La Cocooned† a 16th century oil painting portray of â€Å"Lisa did Antonio Maria Grenadine† which in today’s expert opinion it is one of the most impossible to comprehend painting in the history of art. Leonardo started to paint the Mona Lisa in 1503 under the commission of Francesco did Bartholomew did Zinnia del Giaconda and finished nil 519 shortly before he died. By 1511 Leonardo had to migrate under the Melee family protection to Vapor where he sided and produced magnificent creation of arts for two years in order to repay the Melee family hospitality. While at Vapor Leonardo continued to develop his new projects and improving his paintings knowing that sooner or later he will have to find a more suitable patron in order to be able to finance his work. The solution to financial impasse came in February 1 513 in the hand of Giovanni De’ Medici, the younger descendent of Lorenz IL Magnificent. With the death of Pope Julius II in Rome and Giovanni asserted to papacy under the name of Pope Leo X. Giuliani De’ Medici rather of Pope Leo X and by them commander of the papal army, invited Leonardo to Rome for his knowledge of art and military technology. The invitation to Rome by Giuliani De’ Medici was the opportunity that Leonardo Dad Vinci was waiting for. Unlimited commissions, immeasurable social status, and a very power full patron. What else? By September 1513 Leonardo relocated himself back to Rome where he was accommodated in the Vatican luxury Belvedere villas together with all his painting including some half stages such us the Lead, the Mona Lisa, and the Saint Anne. How to cite Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Organizational Behavior Manufacturing Companies

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behavior for Manufacturing Companies. Answer: Organizational change in Nissan Nissan and were Toyota were the two best car manufacturing companies in Japan. But, during the 1990s it suffered great loss due to mismanagement and complacency. It got dumped under huge debt. The cars manufactured were also not up to the mark, not at all inspirational(Pasmore, Woodman, Shani, 2010). Yet Nissan did not lose its importance in the eyes of European car manufacturing companies. They noticed the promising horsepower potential in it. Waiting to spread worldwide they were also looking for places to start off, so in this scenario, Nissan in Japan seemed to fill the gaps of their expectation. At first, Chrysler Daimler, the German car manufacturer of the famous Mercedes-Benz approached Nissan. Daimler did a lot of queries and investigations regarding the future aspect of the company if he overtook it, but could not find any positive sign to overtake it. Then came Louis Schweitzer, chairman, and CEO of Renault who gave an offer of 5.4 billion dollars to get off the stake in N issan, which was accepted. He sent an executive name Carlos Ghosn to Japan to take hold of the new alliance(Tager, 2003). Ghosn was an ambitious person who had a frank quality to make things right. Within the year 2000, he recovered Nissan from its previous half-dead condition. He made many changes in Nissan after taking control over its management decisions. He clearly understood the main reasons behind that condition of Nissan(Donnelly, Morris, Donnelly, 2005). The main reasons were like less focus on profits, less focus on the customer, missing the sense of urgency, existence of silos and no vision towards the future aspect of the company. The previous management had no idea about where would that company lie in the upcoming 10 years. Another issue that struck Ghosns mind regarding this company was the policy of seniority which meant that the longer a person worked in that company the more his salary used to get increased. This deprived the young talents to get their actual value. Ghosn always encouraged young talents. So he eliminated many employees as much as 21,000 and reduced the capacity of pro duction by 30%. He also gave stress on producing models on 15 platforms instead of 24 platforms and sharing with Renault. Both Nissan and Renault were expected to produce 1million units per year while sharing the same platform(Pasmore, Woodman, Shani, 2010). He reduced the number of suppliers from 1145 to 600 so that cost could be spread over a large number of volumes by them. He made sure to sell off unprofitable and unrelated investments. In a high-profile event, he personally guaranteed maximum exposure and gave a clear signal to the employees, investors and customers about the future vision of Nissan. Though this open announcement was a big risk and open challenge to the world but then, he not only successfully won the challenge but also gave a new life to Nissan in a decade. His transparency and simplicity nature made him a good leader and this in turn, provoked workers to be faithful not only to him but also towards the company(Anderson, 2014). Team work Ghosn believed in the aspiration present in the young generation. So he always encouraged young talent. While getting rid of the old employees with a huge amount of salaries, he hired young talents. During the dark years of Nissan, many expert workers left Nissan. But Ghosn did not lose hope. He decided to make a new team keeping in mind the four criterions. Firstly, the workers should be open-minded. Secondly, they should have acquired expertise in their field of work. Thirdly, they should be expert coaches, that is, they work as a team, teaching and learning from each other towards the way of growth. Lastly, they should be able to relocate to Japan if necessary. His main motto was to make people understand that difference is innovation("Vancouver testing for new Nissan FCV", 2006). They should have the patience and enthusiasm towards accepting something new. He always motivated his team members. Motivation was the main medicine behind the recovery of Nissan. A person should know wh o they belong to and what their company is all about. If they have no idea or no interest about all these stuff then, they should forget about going an extra mile forward with their company(Marcum, 2000). We all know that Japan is a country where group work is the priority but then, it should not be forgotten that if a useful group can enhance the profit of a company at the same time a useless selfish group could even bring about the destruction of that company. Though he maintained transparency with his team but kept the decision-making authority up to himself only. While taking any new decision there used to be 12 hours discussion amongst the team but the main decision used to be taken by Ghosn himself. He never gave individual responsibility to anybody. If anybody came up with any new ideas then, he divided the worker into different teams to get the plan executed. He never showed betrayal towards his employees which in turn kept the candle of faith burning in their mind(Chen Tjosvold, 2013). Targets with time limits used to be given to the employees and when they reached the target they used to be rewarded and along with it new targets with more responsibilities used to be given. This increased the team spirit and kept them motivated. If Ghosn had confidence in any employee then he gave him more responsibilities and targets. Bt if he had less confidence in any employee then he used to get down to the root of his problem, solve it and then provide possible targets for him. He kept that much transparency with them that his employees were open to share problems with him and he used to solve it accordingly. Yes, under his leadership along with his team members Nissan got back its value and worth within a decade(Bellot, 2011). All this was the result of his leadership and teamwork represented by his team. References Anderson, J. (2014). Counterfactuals and their Truthmakers.Polish Journal Of Philosophy,8(2), 7-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.5840/pjphil2014829 Bellot, J. (2011). Defining and Assessing Organizational Culture.Nursing Forum,46(1), 29-37. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2010.00207.x Chen, N. Tjosvold, D. (2013). Inside the leader relationship: constructive controversy for team effectiveness in China.J Appl Soc Psychol,43(9), 1827-1837. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12134 Donnelly, T., Morris, D., Donnelly, T. (2005). Renault Nissan: a marriage of necessity?.European Business Review,17(5), 428-440. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09555340510620339 Marcum, J. (2000). Out with motivation, in with engagement employee relations.Natl. Prod. Rev.,19(4), 57-60. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6734(200023)19:43.0.co;2-n Pasmore, W., Woodman, R., Shani, A. (2010).Research in organizational change and development. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Tager, M. (2003). What people really need from a change leader.Leader To Leader,2004(31), 6-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ltl.56 Vancouver testing for new Nissan FCV. (2006).Fuel Cells Bulletin,2006(4), 4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-2859(06)71002-1